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Conventions and Feedback Overview of the Compiler Getting Started with the Compiler Compiler Features Compiler Coding Practices The compiler as an optimizing compiler Compiler optimization for code size versus speed Compiler optimization levels and the debug view Selecting the target CPU at compile time Optimization of loop termination in C code Loop unrolling in C code Compiler optimization and the volatile keyword Code metrics Code metrics for measurement of code size and data Stack use in C and C++ Benefits of reducing debug information in objects Methods of reducing debug information in objects a Guarding against multiple inclusion of header file Methods of minimizing function parameter passing o Functions that return multiple values through regi Functions that return the same result when called Comparison of pure and impure functions Recommendation of postfix syntax when qualifying f Inline functions Compiler decisions on function inlining Automatic function inlining and static functions Inline functions and removal of unused out-of-line Automatic function inlining and multifile compilat Restriction on overriding compiler decisions about Compiler modes and inline functions Inline functions in C++ and C90 mode Inline functions in C99 mode Inline functions and debugging Types of data alignment Advantages of natural data alignment Compiler storage of data objects by natural byte a Relevance of natural data alignment at compile tim Unaligned data access in C and C++ code The __packed qualifier and unaligned data access i Unaligned fields in structures Performance penalty associated with marking whole Unaligned pointers in C and C++ code Unaligned Load Register (LDR) instructions generat Comparisons of an unpacked struct, a __packed stru Compiler support for floating-point arithmetic Default selection of hardware or software floating Example of hardware and software support differenc Vector Floating-Point (VFP) architectures Limitations on hardware handling of floating-point Implementation of Vector Floating-Point (VFP) supp Compiler and library support for half-precision fl Half-precision floating-point number format Compiler support for floating-point computations a Types of floating-point linkage Compiler options for floating-point linkage and co Floating-point linkage and computational requireme Processors and their implicit Floating-Point Units Integer division-by-zero errors in C code About trapping integer division-by-zero errors wit About trapping integer division-by-zero errors wit Identification of integer division-by-zero errors Examining parameters when integer division-by-zero Software floating-point division-by-zero errors in About trapping software floating-point division-by Identification of software floating-point division Software floating-point division-by-zero debugging New language features of C99 New library features of C99 // comments in C99 and C90 Compound literals in C99 Designated initializers in C99 Hexadecimal floating-point numbers in C99 Flexible array members in C99 __func__ predefined identifier in C99 inline functions in C99 long long data type in C99 and C90 Macros with a variable number of arguments in C99 Mixed declarations and statements in C99 New block scopes for selection and iteration state _Pragma preprocessing operator in C99 Restricted pointers in C99 Additional <math.h> library functions in C99 Complex numbers in C99 Boolean type and <stdbool.h> in C99 Extended integer types and functions in <inttyp <fenv.h> floating-point environment access i <stdio.h> snprintf family of functions in C9 <tgmath.h> type-generic math macros in C99 <wchar.h> wide character I/O functions in C9 How to prevent uninitialized data from being initi Compiler Diagnostic Messages Using the Inline and Embedded Assemblers of the AR

New library features of C99

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New library features of C99

The C99 standard introduces several new library features of interest to programmers, including:

  • Some features similar to extensions to the C90 standard libraries offered in UNIX standard libraries, for example, the snprintf family of functions.

  • Some entirely new library features, for example, the standardized floating-point environment offered in <fenv.h>.

  • New libraries, and new macros and functions for existing C90 libraries.

A selection of new features in C99 that might be of interest to developers using them for the first time are documented.

Note

C90 is compatible with Standard C++ in the sense that the language specified by the standard is a subset of C++, except for a few special cases. New features in the C99 standard mean that C99 is no longer compatible with C++ in this sense.

Many library features that are new to C99 are available in C90 and C++. Some require macros such as USE_C99_ALL or USE_C99_MATH to be defined before the #include.

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